From Middle English espousen, borrowed from Old French espouser, from Latin spōnsāre, present active infinitive of spōnsō (frequentative of spondeō), from Proto-Indo-European *spend-.
espouse
mid-15c., "to take as spouse, marry," from Old French espouser "marry, take in marriage, join in marriage" (11c., Modern French épouser), from Latin sponsare, past participle of spondere "make an offering, perform a rite, promise secretly," hence "to engage oneself by ritual act" (see sponsor (n.)). Extended sense of "adopt, embrace" a cause, party, etc., is from 1620s. Related: Espoused; espouses; espousing. For initial e-, see e-.
late 14c., from Old French esposailles (plural) "act of betrothal" (12c., Modern French époussailles), from Latin sponsalia "betrothal, espousal, wedding," noun use of neuter plural of sponsalis "of a betrothal," from sponsa "spouse" (see espouse). For the -e- see e-. Figuratively, of causes, principles, etc., from 1670s.
Espouse means to give support to an idea or a belief, to adopt an idea or a belief. Espouse may also mean to marry or take a spouse, though that definition is rarely used anymore. Espouse is a transitive verb, which is a verb that takes an object. Related words are espouses, espoused, espousing. The word espouse is derived from the Latin word sponsare, which means to perform a rite or make a secret promise.
Expound means to put forth an argument, to explain an idea or theory in detail. Expound is also a transitive verb, related words are expounds, expounded, expounding, expounder. The word expound is derived from from Latin word exponere which means to put forth, to expose, to disembark, to reveal. Remember, espouse means to support a belief, expound means to explain a belief. Often someone who supports a belief also explains that belief, and that is where the confusion arises.
At its 5 p.m. August 22 meeting, Asheville City Council passed a resolution condemning the actions of white supremacists and racial violence in Charlottesville, Va. On August 14 following the tragic events in Charlottesville, Va., Mayor Esther Manheimer issued a statement condemning the actions of people who espouse hate speech against any race or ethnicity, and especially those who promote white supremacy. City Council will take public comment before voting on the resolution.
Amidst these distressing developments, a steady stream of antisemitism among the left persists, often related to Israel. Of course, some criticism of Israel is part of a healthy political ecosystem. However, a segment of the left sometimes espouses ideas that go beyond legitimate critique and into antisemitic tropes. Others engage in rhetoric that is not antisemitic but which can have the effect of making many Jews feel ostracized or excluded.
Characterizing Zionism and Zionists as a nefarious monolith creates an environment in which antisemitism flourishes. It does not reflect a serious inquiry into the wide spectrum of Zionist thought, which incorporates diverse views. In fact, many American Jews who identify as Zionists may endorse solutions to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that are virtually identical to those espoused in mainstream left-wing circles.
This paper develops an inventory and conceptual map of espoused organizational values. We suggest that espoused values are fundamentally different to other value forms as they are collective value statements that need to coexist as a basis for organizational activity and performance. The inventory is built from an analysis of 3112 value items espoused by 554 organizations in the UK and USA in both profit and not-for-profit sectors. We distil these value items into 85 espoused value labels, and these are assessed in terms of their similarity and difference through judgements made by 53 experienced individuals. The resulting conceptual map facilitates the evaluation of values which are espoused at the organizational level, as opposed to aggregations of personal values, an important distinction that is often ignored in the literature. This analysis identifies a number of distinct areas of emphasis occupied by espoused values. In particular, the richness of value labels that relates to broader ethical issues may be aimed at external stakeholder management, but also may have an increasing influence on organizational behaviour as they are embedded into organizational practices. By advancing our understanding of espoused values, through an analysis of those being used in practice, we provide a means by which future research into organizational values and ethical issues can progress.
The impact of espoused values on organizational actions and their recent prominence on organization websites suggests that they should be a matter of academic interest and that it is timely to explore the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to construct an inventory of espoused values that captures the actual terms used by organizations on their websites; to explore relations between these value categories in order to build a conceptual map of espoused values; and to consider the ethical implications of this for organizing and organizations. We present an extensive inventory of espoused values, built from the words and phrases that are explicitly used by profit and not-for-profit organizations in the UK and the USA. The inventory, together with its synonyms, is grounded in the contemporary lexicon of a range of organizations and so is sufficiently comprehensive to capture value terms relevant to a variety of contexts. We then present an underlying structure of espoused values developed empirically through the aggregated judgements of 53 individuals working in a range of organizations by applying non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The resulting map reveals a structural arrangement of espoused values that allows us to compare this with other structural arrangements in the organizational and individual values literature, and to consider the wider implications for ethical practices in organizations.
The paper is organized as follows. First, we review the literature on organizational values with a specific emphasis on espoused values and summarize the principal empirical studies that have contributed to our understanding. From there, we position the study of espoused values in the context of the wider work on organizational values and their structure. After an outline of our research design, we develop an approach that integrates a comprehensive inventory into a map of espoused organizational values, which we discuss in relation to earlier work. We go on to consider how such a framework can help our understanding of ethical practices in organizations and finally, we consider the limitations of this work and suggest further research that will build upon it.
Espoused values are a distinct form of organizational values that are increasingly documented, and which are associated with organizational outcomes. The espousing of values may involve a degree of impression management and social conformity, so raising ethical questions, while structures of values reveal the paradoxes that organizations as complex structures need to accommodate. A rigorous basis for understanding and evaluating espoused values in organizations is therefore timely and can provide us with an important insight into the value items which are deliberately selected and promoted to characterize an organization. The recent trend for organizations to explicitly provide a statement of espoused values now affords us the opportunity to consider this aspect of organizations from a wider empirical perspective.
In conclusion, we suggest that to advance research in organizational values an appropriate start point is the development of a comprehensive inventory of espoused organizational values derived from a wide empirical base. We also suggest that the opportunity for theory development will be advanced through a better understanding of the structural relationship between espoused values. In order to achieve this, we present an inventory derived from the values espoused by a large number of organizations in both the UK and the USA, which is then structured into a conceptual map through an empirical process to identify distance between value items.
The normalized stress score for the espoused organizational values data was recorded as 0.1014 for a two-dimensional solution and so was well within the guideline figure for providing confidence in the resulting graphical display. PROXSCAL therefore generated a two-dimensional representation of the spatial relationships between values based upon the aggregated card sort. The dimensions are generated by the software and do not reflect any a priori interpretations: the relative placing of the value items indicates the best fit distance of each value to every other. The resulting array places all the value labels in a two-dimensional space, as shown in Fig. 1, such that distance equates to the perceived relationship of one value to another. The maximum distance between any two values is 1.0, so the overall shape of the map is circular, with items at the perimeter having scores closer to 1.0, revealing higher similarities with other values in the same area.
This study set out to generate an inventory and conceptual map of espoused organizational values. This was created from those that organizations, across different sectors and in the UK and USA, espouse on their websites. It therefore represents a contemporary lexicon of values from a range of organizations. An initial list of values items was reduced to an inventory of 85 value labels; these were then arranged into groups of similar meanings via a card sort exercise. The resulting similarity matrix was in turn subjected to multidimensional scaling to generate a graphical display representing the relative relationship of each of the identified value labels in spatial terms, from which broad dimensions have been identified in a conceptual map. This map represents the first example of an empirically derived structure of espoused organizational values drawn from the terms being applied in organizations. 2ff7e9595c
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